MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY DATA OF KOLAR TALUK, KOLAR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
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Abstract
Groundwater is a vital resource for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use, and its quality is largely influenced by both natural and anthropogenic processes. The present study evaluates the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater samples collected during pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (PSM) seasons using physicochemical parameters and the data was applied for multivariate statistical techniques. The results indicate that groundwater is neutral to slightly alkaline, dominated by Ca–Mg–HCO₃ facies, reflecting the influence of carbonate weathering and rock–water interaction. Elevated values of electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) suggest moderate mineralization, while high total hardness is primarily controlled by calcium and magnesium ions. Pearson correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reveal that geogenic processes such as mineral dissolution and ion exchange are the major factors governing groundwater chemistry, with additional contributions from anthropogenic activities, particularly agricultural practices indicated by nitrate enrichment. Seasonal variations show that evaporation enhances salinity during the pre-monsoon period, whereas monsoonal recharge leads to dilution and redistribution of solutes in the post-monsoon season. Although most parameters fall within permissible limits, elevated levels of TDS, hardness, and nitrate in certain locations highlight potential concerns. The study emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable management practices to ensure the long-term quality and safety of groundwater resources.
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